1. CHLORINATION :

6. REDUCTION :

Ester, ketone, aldehyde reductions with borohydride.
Nitroso reduction with iron / acid and polysulphide.
Imine reduction with borohydride.
Oxime reduction with metal acid.

2. ALCOHOL TO CHLORIDES :

With Thionyl chloride.
With Hydrochloric acid

7. OXIDATION :

Alcohols to aldehydes under controlled condition.

3. BROMINATION :

Nuclear bromination with Liquid bromine.
Side chain bromination with N-Bromosuccinimide.

8. AMIDATION :

Acid / Ester to amides.
Amine formylation

4. CYANATION :

Halide replacement with cyanide using Sodium cyanide.

9. HETEROCYCLE SYNTHESIS :

Oxazoles
Purines / Xanthines
Pyrimidines
Benzisoxazoles
Oxadiazoles
Benzothiazoles

5. ALKYLATION :

N-Alkylation with dialkyl sulphate and alkyl halides.
O-Alkylation with dialkyl sulphate and alkyl halides.
S-Alkylation with alkyl halides.
C-Alkylation with dialkyl sulphate and alkyl halides.

10. Malonic Ester synthesis

11. Wittig and Related reactions

12. Phase transfer catalyst + - synthesis and reactions

13. Quartenary Hydroxide synthesis